A NASA ER-2 takes off from MacDill Air Force Base, Fla., to conduct terrestrial gamma-ray flash, or TGF, research in the Gulf of Mexico July 13, 2023. The Airborne Lightning Observatory for TGFs campaign is a collaboration between NASA and the University of Bergen, Norway, to study the advanced science of high-energy radiation emissions, also known as dark lightning, from thunderstorms. (U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Zachary Foster)